Comprehensive analysis of the TGF-β signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms, disease drivers, and frontiers in clinical translation

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most complex and context-dependent cytokines in the immune system. Its signaling pathway regulates differentiation, functions, and microenvironment-specific adaptations of immune cells through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. In normal...

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Bibliografische Detailangaben

Hauptverfasser:	Yiting Zhang, Haixia Tang, Ze Zhou, Jiabao Liao, Xiaoyu Zhou, Xin Chu, Mengqiu Shao, Caiyan Zhang, Lijuan Jiang
Format:	Artigo
Sprache:	Inglês
Veröffentlicht:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2026-06-01
Schriftenreihe:	Frontiers in Immunology
Schlagworte:	fibrosis immune regulation Smad/non-Smad pathway targeted therapy TGF-β signaling pathway tumor microenvironment
Online-Zugang:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1831213/full
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