HIV-Helminth Co-Infections and Immune Checkpoints: Implications for Cancer Risk in South Africa

South Africa has the highest HIV prevalence globally, often co-occurring with helminth infections in impoverished regions. The coexistence of these infections leads to immunological interactions, potentially enhancing oncogenesis by upregulating immune checkpoint molecules (ICs) among other effects....

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Bibliografski detalji

Glavni autori:	Botle Precious Damane, Thanyani Victor Mulaudzi, Sayed Shakeel Kader, Pragalathan Naidoo, Zodwa Dlamini, Zilungile Lynette Mkhize-Kwitshana
Format:	Artigo
Jezik:	Inglês
Izdano:	MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Serija:	Viruses
Teme:	HIV-helminth co-infection immune checkpoint molecules immunosuppressive microenvironment CD28 downregulation Th2-type immunity PD-1 and TIM-3
Online pristup:	https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/3/451
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