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Nuclear Factor κB Signaling in Opioid Functions and Receptor Gene Expression
Opiates are the most powerful of all known analgesics. The prototype opiate morphine has been used as a painkiller for several thousand years. Chronic usage of opiates not only causes drug tolerance, dependence, and addiction, but also suppresses immune functions and affects cell proliferation and c...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Artigo |
| Sprache: | Inglês |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2006
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3446243/ https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040804 https://ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-006-9028-0 |
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