Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Never-Smokers—A Distinct Entity Within the COPD Spectrum
Although smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), about one-third of patients have never smoked. This phenomenon supports the idea of a distinct phenotype of the disease in never-smokers, influenced by genetic, infectious, socioeconomic, environmental, and oc...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Artigo |
| Sprache: | Inglês |
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MDPI AG
2025-12-01
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| Schriftenreihe: | Life |
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| Online-Zugang: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/16/1/43 |
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