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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Never-Smokers—A Distinct Entity Within the COPD Spectrum

Although smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), about one-third of patients have never smoked. This phenomenon supports the idea of a distinct phenotype of the disease in never-smokers, influenced by genetic, infectious, socioeconomic, environmental, and oc...

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Principais autores: Andreea-Nicoleta Mălăescu, Florin-Dumitru Mihălțan, Ancuța-Alina Constantin
Format: Artigo
Sprog:Inglês
Udgivet: MDPI AG 2025-12-01
Serier:Life
Fag:
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
never-smokers
pollution
tuberculosis
A1ATD
Online adgang:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/16/1/43
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