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Overcoming resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 have achieved groundbreaking clinical success in multiple cancers; however, a large proportion of patients experience primary or acquired resistance. This review synthesizes the complex mechanisms underlying resistance to PD-1/CTLA-4 bloc...

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Furkejuvvon:
Váldodahkkit: Xiaodong Wang, Jing He, Gouping Ding, Yixuan Tang, Qianqian Wang
Materiálatiipa: Artigo
Giella:Inglês
Almmustuhtton: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-10-01
Ráidu:Frontiers in Immunology
Fáttát:
PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade resistance
tumor microenvironment
T cell exhaustion
immunotherapy combinations
alternative checkpoints
predictive biomarkers
Liŋkkat:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1688699/full
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