Extreme Variability of the Kidney Hilar Architecture: A Radioanatomical Map to Guide Surgical Approaches

<b>Background:</b> Retroperitoneal surgical corridors, particularly in robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy and donor surgery, require precise knowledge of hilar vascular orientation. The typically described Vein–Artery–Pelvis (VAP) anatomy is often assumed, yet its reliability is poorly quantified....

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Detalhes bibliográficos

Principais autores:	Daniel Gondorf, George Triantafyllou, Ioannis Paschopoulos, Nikolaos-Achilleas Arkoudis, Georgios Velonakis, Panagiotis Kokoropoulos, Nikolaos Arkadopoulos, Maria Piagkou
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado em:	MDPI AG 2026-05-01
coleção:	Diagnostics
Assuntos:	renal artery renal vein kidney hilum anatomical variation retroperitoneal surgery
Acesso em linha:	https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/16/10/1544
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