Extreme Variability of the Kidney Hilar Architecture: A Radioanatomical Map to Guide Surgical Approaches
<b>Background:</b> Retroperitoneal surgical corridors, particularly in robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy and donor surgery, require precise knowledge of hilar vascular orientation. The typically described Vein–Artery–Pelvis (VAP) anatomy is often assumed, yet its reliability is poorly quantified....
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| Автори: | , , , , , , , |
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| Формат: | Artigo |
| Мова: | Inglês |
| Опубліковано: |
MDPI AG
2026-05-01
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| Серія: | Diagnostics |
| Предмети: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/16/10/1544 |
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