Construction of Typical Sailing Conditions for Harbor Tugs Based on WOA-K-Means++ Clustering and Hidden Markov Models

The global shipping industry faces severe carbon emission challenges. Harbor tugs, as significant contributors to port emissions, require improved energy efficiency. However, their sailing conditions are complex and dynamic, making temporal feature characterization difficult with traditional static...

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Hlavní autoři:	Zhao Li, Wuqiang Long, Hua Tian
Médium:	Artigo
Jazyk:	Inglês
Vydáno:	MDPI AG 2026-01-01
Edice:	Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Témata:	harbor tug sailing condition principal component analysis whale optimization algorithm K-means++ clustering hidden Markov model
On-line přístup:	https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/14/3/270
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