The basics of conditioning models: stability of marginal and conditional achievement to model specification

Abstract This study investigates how different conditioning model specifications affect the stability of marginal and subgroup achievement distributions in large-scale assessments. Through both a simulation and an empirical example reflecting typical operational designs, we examine the robustness of...

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Κύριοι συγγραφείς:	Leslie Rutkowski, David Rutkowski
Μορφή:	Artigo
Γλώσσα:	Inglês
Έκδοση:	SpringerOpen 2026-01-01
Σειρά:	Large-scale Assessments in Education
Θέματα:	Large-scale assessment Complex assessment design Latent regression Conditioning model Achievement estimation
Διαθέσιμο Online:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-025-00270-x
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