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Kratom (<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i>) as a Phytochemical-Based Natural Product Exhibiting Opioid-like Analgesic Effects with Reduced Tolerance and Dependence Liability via TLR4-Associated Neuroimmune Modulation

Kratom (<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i>) is a botanical candidate for pain management with potentially reduced opioid-related risks, partly through modulation of neuroimmune pathways involving Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4). This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of kratom ethanol extract...

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Autori principali: Fajar Prasetya, Niken Indriyanti, Nurul Muhlisa Mus, Mentarry Bafadal, Raisa Fadilla, Yuli Widiyastuti, Chaidir Chaidir, Hadi Kuncoro, Sofa Fajriah, Rudi Heryanto, Angga Cipta Narsa, Onny Ziasti Fricillia, Yurika Sastyarina, Victoria Yulita Fitriani, Siti Rouchmana, Nurus Sobah, Zulhaerana Bahar, Nur Rezky Khairun Nisaa, Helmi Helmi, Hady Anshory
Natura: Artigo
Lingua:Inglês
Pubblicazione: MDPI AG 2026-04-01
Serie:Molecules
Soggetti:
<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i>
kratom
Toll-Like Receptor 4
pain management
analgesics
opioid
Accesso online:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/9/1428
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