Effects of regular, glulisine, and aspart insulin on vascular endothelial growth factor and angiotensinogen expression in hyperglycemic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)
IntroductionDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss and is primarily driven by chronic hyperglycemia, which induces retinal vascular damage through mechanisms involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This study investigated the e...
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| Principais autores: | , , , |
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| Formato: | Artigo |
| Idioma: | Inglês |
| Publicado em: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| coleção: | Frontiers in Ophthalmology |
| Assuntos: | |
| Acesso em linha: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fopht.2025.1570232/full |
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