Multi-Parameter and Multi-Layer Observations of Electromagnetic Precursors to a Huge Hokkaido Earthquake (M = 6.7) on 5 September, 2018, and Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Channel

A series of multi-parameter, multi-layer observations was conducted to study possible electromagnetic precursors associated with the M 6.7 earthquake that struck Iburi, Hokkaido, Japan, at 18:07:59 UT on 5 September 2018. The most significant observation is seismogenic lower-ionospheric perturbation...

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Principais autores:	Masashi Hayakawa, Maria Solovieva, Galina Kopylova, Shinji Hirooka, Sudipta Sasmal, Kousik Nanda, Shih-Sian Yang, Koichiro Michimoto, Hide’aki Hinata
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado em:	MDPI AG 2025-12-01
coleção:	Atmosphere
Assuntos:	short-term earthquake precursors ionospheric perturbations lower ionospheric anomalies subionospheric VLF/LF propagation stratospheric perturbations Earth’s surface anomalies
Acesso em linha:	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/12/1372
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