The influence of El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole on the extreme decline in the water level of Lake Toba, Indonesia

Lake Toba, the world's largest tectonic-volcanic lake and part of the UNESCO Global Geopark, has experienced several episodes of extreme water level subsidence over the past four decades. This phenomenon of extreme decline has significant ecological, social, and economic implications, requiring a co...

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Principais autores:	Mohammad Syamsu Rosid, Hendri Irwandi, Terry Mart, Siswanto, Mohamad Khoirun Najib, Raden Dwi Susanto, Albertus Sulaiman, Ratih Prasetya, Nelly Florida Riama
Format:	Artigo
Jezik:	Inglês
Izdano:	Elsevier 2026-06-01
Serija:	Environmental Challenges
Teme:	ENSO IOD Extreme decline Lake Toba
Online dostop:	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010026000946
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