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The effect of nicotine delivery system on blood protease levels: a randomized crossover study

Abstract E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products are marketed as safer combustible cigarette alternatives due to their perceived potential for reduced tobacco-related toxicant exposure; however, their relative safety remains controversial. In this study we utilized serum protease levels, establishe...

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Hlavní autoři: Ava C. Wilson, Eleanor L. S. Leavens, Obdulia Covarrubias-Zambrano, Leah Lambart, Stefan H. Bossmann, Nicole L. Nollen, Robert Tarran
Médium: Artigo
Jazyk:Inglês
Vydáno: Nature Portfolio 2025-10-01
Edice:Scientific Reports
On-line přístup:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19832-8
Tagy: Přidat tag
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