The efficacy of a novel CO2 topical vapocoolant spray for reducing needle-related pain in dogs
IntroductionEffective pain management is essential in veterinary needle-related procedures. Traditional methods, including infiltrative, cream, and spray formulations, have limitations such as delayed onset, inconsistent temperature control, and skin damage. This study evaluated the efficacy of a no...
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| Principais autores: | , |
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| Format: | Artigo |
| Sprog: | Inglês |
| Udgivet: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2026-03-01
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| Serier: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Fag: | |
| Online adgang: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1754998/full |
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