Industry–University–Research Collaboration, Knowledge Acquisition, and Firm Total Factor Productivity: Evidence on Internal and External Contingencies from China

Whether industry–university–research (IUR) collaboration improves firm-level productivity, and under what conditions, remains insufficiently understood. Existing studies often examine the effects of IUR collaboration in isolation, overlooking the fact that productivity outcomes emerge from the inter...

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Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Meijiao Sun, Cheng Pan, Renyan Mu
Format:	Artigo
Language:	Inglês
Published:	MDPI AG 2026-05-01
Series:	Systems
Subjects:	industry–university–research collaboration knowledge acquisition total factor productivity absorptive capacity environmental dynamism innovation subsidy
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/534
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