Association between heavy metal exposure and heart failure incidence and mortality: insights from NHANES data (2003–2018)

Abstract Background Environmental heavy metal exposure is a potential yet understudied risk factor for heart failure (HF), a global health burden with rising prevalence. While toxic metals like cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) are linked to cardiovascular diseases, their roles in HF inci...

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Principais autores:	Zebin Lin, Yongqi Dong, Xinlong Di, Yang Bai, Jianmin Tang, Guike Lai, Shengfang Wang, Xiaohu Wang, Yuhao Liu, Yipin Zhao
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado:	BMC 2025-05-01
Series:	BMC Public Health
Assuntos:	Heavy metals Heart failure Cardiovascular disease
Acceso en liña:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23177-2
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