Retrieval of Sunrise C-Region Electron Density Using Mid-Range VLF Amplitude and FDTD-Based Optimization

This study presents a method to retrieve the electron density structure of the transient C-region using very-low-frequency (VLF) Earth–ionosphere waveguide propagation. Here, we demonstrate the identification of the C-region from amplitude variations of a mid-range VLF propagation path that is nearl...

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Autors principals:	Taira Shirasaki, Yuki Itabashi, Yoshiaki Ando
Format:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicat:	MDPI AG 2026-03-01
Col·lecció:	Atmosphere
Matèries:	lower ionosphere C-region VLF Earth–ionosphere waveguide propagation electron density retrieval FDTD simulation
Accés en línia:	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/17/4/350
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