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Effect of smoking status and programmed death-ligand 1 expression on the microenvironment and malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: A retrospective cohort study

Tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk of oral leukoplakia and head and neck cancer. Although it has recently been reported that the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in oral potentially malignant disorders may lead to malignant transformation, it is unclear whethe...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PLoS One
Main Authors: Yagyuu, Takahiro, Funayama, Naoki, Imada, Mitsuhiko, Kirita, Tadaaki
Format: Artigo
Language:Inglês
Published: Public Library of Science 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8051817/
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861793
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250359
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