Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration

We investigated the effects of walking in a forest environment on salivary cortisol concentrations. Seventy-four young male participants walked for 15 min in forested and urban environments, and saliva was collected before and after walking. Our previous study reported salivary cortisol concentratio...

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Main Authors: Hiromitsu Kobayashi, Chorong Song, Harumi Ikei, Bum-Jin Park, Takahide Kagawa, Yoshifumi Miyazaki
Formato: Artigo
Idioma:Inglês
Publicado em: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-12-01
Colecção:Frontiers in Public Health
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Acesso em linha:https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00376/full
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id oai:doaj.org-article:8b4b227c255747a0bd98e229fd19c40c
record_format Article
spelling oai:doaj.org-article:8b4b227c255747a0bd98e229fd19c40c2022-04-12T23:37:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652019-12-01710.3389/fpubh.2019.00376480661Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol ConcentrationHiromitsu Kobayashi0Chorong Song1Chorong Song2Harumi Ikei3Harumi Ikei4Bum-Jin Park5Takahide Kagawa6Yoshifumi Miyazaki7Department of Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, JapanCenter for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, JapanDepartment of Forest Resources, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South KoreaCenter for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, JapanForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, JapanDepartment of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South KoreaForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, JapanCenter for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, JapanWe investigated the effects of walking in a forest environment on salivary cortisol concentrations. Seventy-four young male participants walked for 15 min in forested and urban environments, and saliva was collected before and after walking. Our previous study reported salivary cortisol concentrations after walking only. This study was aimed at clarifying the combined effects of walking and environment by comparing post-walking data with pre-walking data. Walking in a forest environment decreased mean cortisol concentration from 9.70 to 8.37 nmol/L, whereas walking in an urban environment barely changed mean cortisol concentration, from 10.28 to 10.01 nmol/L. Two-way repeated analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction effect between the environment and walking (p < 0.001) in addition to the main effects of each (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, for walking and environment, respectively). For further analysis, the proportion of participants who exhibited decreased cortisol after forest-walking was compared with the previously reported proportion of participants who exhibited decreased cortisol after viewing forest landscapes. Although the proportion of positive responders was slightly higher after walking (69%) than it was after viewing (60%), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.093). The present study revealed a significant combined effect of walking and the environment on cortisol concentrations.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00376/fullshinrin-yokuforest therapywalkingsalivary cortisolinteraction
institution DOAJ
collection Directory of Open Access Journals
language Inglês
format Artigo
author Hiromitsu Kobayashi
Chorong Song
Chorong Song
Harumi Ikei
Harumi Ikei
Bum-Jin Park
Takahide Kagawa
Yoshifumi Miyazaki
spellingShingle Hiromitsu Kobayashi
Chorong Song
Chorong Song
Harumi Ikei
Harumi Ikei
Bum-Jin Park
Takahide Kagawa
Yoshifumi Miyazaki
Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration
Frontiers in Public Health
shinrin-yoku
forest therapy
walking
salivary cortisol
interaction
author_facet Hiromitsu Kobayashi
Chorong Song
Chorong Song
Harumi Ikei
Harumi Ikei
Bum-Jin Park
Takahide Kagawa
Yoshifumi Miyazaki
author_sort Hiromitsu Kobayashi
title Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration
title_short Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration
title_full Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration
title_fullStr Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration
title_full_unstemmed Combined Effect of Walking and Forest Environment on Salivary Cortisol Concentration
title_sort combined effect of walking and forest environment on salivary cortisol concentration
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
series Frontiers in Public Health
issn 2296-2565
publishDate 2019-12-01
description We investigated the effects of walking in a forest environment on salivary cortisol concentrations. Seventy-four young male participants walked for 15 min in forested and urban environments, and saliva was collected before and after walking. Our previous study reported salivary cortisol concentrations after walking only. This study was aimed at clarifying the combined effects of walking and environment by comparing post-walking data with pre-walking data. Walking in a forest environment decreased mean cortisol concentration from 9.70 to 8.37 nmol/L, whereas walking in an urban environment barely changed mean cortisol concentration, from 10.28 to 10.01 nmol/L. Two-way repeated analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction effect between the environment and walking (p < 0.001) in addition to the main effects of each (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, for walking and environment, respectively). For further analysis, the proportion of participants who exhibited decreased cortisol after forest-walking was compared with the previously reported proportion of participants who exhibited decreased cortisol after viewing forest landscapes. Although the proportion of positive responders was slightly higher after walking (69%) than it was after viewing (60%), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.093). The present study revealed a significant combined effect of walking and the environment on cortisol concentrations.
topic shinrin-yoku
forest therapy
walking
salivary cortisol
interaction
url https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00376/full
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