Chronic β-Blockade and Systemic Homeostasis: Molecular Integration of Cardiorenal and Immune Pathways, a Narrative Review

β-blockers (BBs) remain a cornerstone therapy for cardiovascular disorders, reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and arrhythmia risk. Yet, their influence extends well beyond the heart, impacting renal function, inflammatory responses, metabolism, and endocrine balance. Although cardio-selective BBs...

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Detalhes bibliográficos

Principais autores:	Jason Park, Amethyst Hamanaka, Issac Park, Hosam Gharib Abdelhady
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado em:	MDPI AG 2025-11-01
coleção:	Biomolecules
Assuntos:	β-blockers cardiovascular-renal homeostasis atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling hemodynamics hormonal-immune modulation genetic polymorphisms
Acesso em linha:	https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/12/1653
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