Occurrence and Toxicity Mechanisms of Perfluorononanoic Acid, Perfluorodecanoic Acid, and Perfluoroundecanoic Acid in Fish: A Review

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in consumer products and manufacturing. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) are long-chain PFAS composed of 9, 10, and 11 carbons, respectively, which exert sublethal toxicity to aquat...

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Detalhes bibliográficos

Principais autores:	Emma Ivantsova, Amany Sultan, Christopher J. Martyniuk
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado em:	MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Colecção:	Toxics
Assuntos:	aquatic toxicology fish perfluorinated compounds ecotoxicology
Acesso em linha:	https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/6/436
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