A Study of the In-Vial Crystallization of Ice in Sucrose–Salt Solutions—An Application for Through-Vial Impedance Spectroscopy (TVIS)

Ice nucleation temperatures and associated ice growth rates are critical parameters in defining the initial ice morphology template, which governs dry layer resistance during sublimation and therefore impacts primary drying kinetics and overall process time. In this study, we developed a through-via...

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Principais autores:	Geoff Smith, Yowwares Jeeraruangrattana
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado em:	MDPI AG 2025-09-01
coleção:	Applied Sciences
Assuntos:	freeze-drying lyophilization process analytical technology impedance spectroscopy single electrode pair freezing
Acesso em linha:	https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/17/9728
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