Triply Coupled Systems of Differential Equations with Time-Dependent Delay and Application to Three-Species Food-Chain Dynamics

We introduce a class of triply coupled systems of differential equations with fractal–fractional Caputo derivatives and time-dependent delays. This framework captures long-memory effects and complex structural patterns while allowing delays to evolve over time, offering greater realism than constant...

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Principais autores:	F. Gassem, L. M. Abdalgadir, Arshad Ali, Alwaleed Kamel, Alawia Adam, Khaled Aldwoah, M. M. Rashed
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado em:	MDPI AG 2025-10-01
coleção:	Fractal and Fractional
Assuntos:	triply coupled system time-dependent delays fractal–fractional differential operator existence of solutions stability analysis numerical solution
Acesso em linha:	https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/10/651
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