Climate-driven vegetation vulnerability in a monsoon-dominated dryland: a dual-index (kNDVI–VHI) assessment for Pakistan

IntroductionPakistan’s heterogeneous climate exposes its vegetation to alternating drought, heat, and flood episodes, yet province-scale responses remain poorly resolved.MethodsThis study assessed climate-driven vegetation vulnerability across Pakistan from 2001 to 2023 by combining Landsat-based ke...

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Hauptverfasser:	Kaleem Mehmood, Shoaib Ahmad Anees, Sultan Muhammad, Fahad Shahzad, Islom Khudayberganov, Mukhayya Ruzieva, Manuela Oliveira
Format:	Artigo
Sprache:	Inglês
Veröffentlicht:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2026-05-01
Schriftenreihe:	Frontiers in Environmental Science
Schlagworte:	drought stress vegetation dynamics kernel NDVI VHI SPEI PDSI
Online-Zugang:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1745938/full
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