HIDmap: a physiology-based map of human immune system development to support animal-free research and regulatory innovation

Human immune system development is established through a sequence of tightly regulated processes occurring across multiple embryonic and fetal organs. Despite extensive research, our mechanistic understanding still relies largely on animal models, which often lack translational precision for human b...

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Principais autores:	Christiane Spruck, Luiz Ladeira, Eliska Kuchovska, Marek Ostaszewski, Emilia Rita de Caro, Emanuela Corsini, Liesbet Geris, Bernard Staumont, Susann Fayyaz, Qiang Li, Fabian Grimm, Ellen Fritsche, Katharina Koch, Julia Tigges
Formato:	Artigo
Idioma:	Inglês
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2026-07-01
Series:	Frontiers in Immunology
Assuntos:	adverse outcome pathway (AOP) developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) human immune system development new approach methodologies (NAMs) physiological map (PM) systems biology
Acceso en liña:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1741650/full
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