Degradation-Aware Bi-Level Optimization of Second-Life Battery Energy Storage System Considering Demand Charge Reduction

Many electric vehicle (EV) batteries will retire in the next 5–10 years around the globe. These batteries are retired when no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations despite having 70–80% capacity left. The second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to address the increasing...

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Autores principales:	Ali Hassan, Guilherme Vieira Hollweg, Wencong Su, Xuan Zhou, Mengqi Wang
Formato:	Artigo
Lenguaje:	Inglês
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Colección:	Energies
Materias:	battery energy storage second-life batteries demand charge circular economy energy management
Acceso en línea:	https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/3894
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