Overcoming resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy: mechanisms, combination strategies, and future directions

Abstract Cancer cells express high levels of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to evade immune surveillance. PD-L1 interacts with PD-1 on T cells to make them non-functional. Thus, PD-L1 and PD-1 are pivotal targets in cancer immunotherapy. While anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies have offered renewed h...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Bibliografische Detailangaben

Hauptverfasser:	Kartik Mandal, Ganesh Kumar Barik, Manas Kumar Santra
Format:	Artigo
Sprache:	Inglês
Veröffentlicht:	BMC 2025-10-01
Schriftenreihe:	Molecular Cancer
Schlagworte:	PD-L1 PD-1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors Cancer immunotherapy resistance SPD-L1 Tumor mutational burden
Online-Zugang:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-025-02400-z
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie das erste Tag hinzu!