Age at type 2 diabetes onset, HOMA-derived indices and risks of diabetic retinopathy: a real-world cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe roles of insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain controversial, and whether age at type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset modifies these associations is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of HOMA-IR and HOMA-β with DR risk,...

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Váldodahkkit:	Yewen Lin, Qiuju Zhou, Minghua Fan, Zihui Liu, Lisha Ni
Materiálatiipa:	Artigo
Giella:	Inglês
Almmustuhtton:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2026-05-01
Ráidu:	Frontiers in Endocrinology
Fáttát:	diabetic retinopathy HOMA-β insulin resistance type 2 diabetes mellitus β-cell function
Liŋkkat:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1772578/full
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