Beyond Improvement of Motor Symptoms: Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Anxiety and Depression in Focal Dystonia, Hemifacial Spasm, and Blepharospasm

Cervical dystonia (CD), blepharospasm (BSP), and idiopathic hemifacial spasm (HFS) are focal hyperkinetic movement disorders with distinct underlying mechanisms. While CD and BSP involve central network dysfunctions within the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical and cerebellar circuits, HFS primarily res...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Bibliografische Detailangaben

Hauptverfasser:	Tihana Gilman Kuric, Zvonimir Popovic, Sara Matosa, Eleonora Strujic, Ivana Gacic, Tea Mirosevic Zubonja, Stjepan Juric, Melita Pecek Prpic, Vera Jelusic, Dubravka Biuk, Svetlana Tomic
Format:	Artigo
Sprache:	Inglês
Veröffentlicht:	MDPI AG 2026-01-01
Schriftenreihe:	Toxins
Schlagworte:	botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) cervical dystonia (CD) blepharospasm hemifacial spasm (HFS) mood modulation
Online-Zugang:	https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/18/2/62
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