Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke

Background: Exposure to cigarette smoke, whether from traditional or electronic sources, is a growing health concern affecting both humans and animals, while electronic cigarettes (vapes) are often marketed as a safer alternative, evidence supporting their reduced toxicity is still lacking. Aim: Th...

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Bibliografiske detaljer

Principais autores:	Brian Christian Sarniem, Tyagita Hartady, Mas Rizky A.A Syamsunarno, Shafia Khairani, Andi Hiroyuki, Nur Atik, Septiyani Septiyani, Faisal Amri Satrio, Briliant Maharani
Format:	Artigo
Sprog:	Inglês
Udgivet:	Tripoli University 2026-02-01
Serier:	Open Veterinary Journal
Fag:	cigarette; electronic cigarette; pathology; secondhand smoker; toxicology
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