Impact of oral hygiene instructions on cytokines in smokers and vapers with gingivitis
Background: Cigarette smoking (CS) is a periodontal disease risk factor, affecting clinical parameters such as bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and proinflammatory cytokines level. This study examines the impact electronic cigarette use on proinflammatory cytokines...
I tiakina i:
| Ngā kaituhi matua: | , , |
|---|---|
| Hōputu: | Artigo |
| Reo: | Inglês |
| I whakaputaina: |
College of Dentistry/ University of Baghdad
2025-09-01
|
| Rangatū: | Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry |
| Ngā marau: | |
| Urunga tuihono: | https://www.jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/4027 |
| Ngā Tūtohu: |
Kāore He Tūtohu, Me noho koe te mea tuatahi ki te tūtohu i tēnei pūkete!
|