The association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with diabetes: NHANES 2009–2014

Abstract The association between caffeine and diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk remains controversial. This study aims to examine the association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and self-reported DR risk in US individuals with diabetes. This cross-sectional study enrolled 535 particip...

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Bibliografische Detailangaben

Hauptverfasser:	Xiaodong Chen, Qianwen Guo, Jiarui Li, Ningda Xu, Heng Miao, Lvzhen Huang
Format:	Artigo
Sprache:	Inglês
Veröffentlicht:	Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Schriftenreihe:	Scientific Reports
Schlagworte:	Diabetic retinopathy Caffeine Older adults Biomarkers
Online-Zugang:	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01088-x
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