ACC Levenberg–Marquardt active safety control adaptive cruise control advanced driver assistant systems autonomous driving autonomous vehicles brake linings’ coefficient of friction clock self-correction confidence fusion control curb detection deceleration device decision-making direct yaw control direct yaw moment control discrete optimization drift parking driver behavior recognition driverless racing vehicles driving behavior characteristic electric power steering electric vehicle electric vehicles electro-hydraulic brake system enhanced precision extension control five-degree-of-freedom vehicle model four-wheel independent drive four-wheel independent steering