cognition complexity dialectics epistemology information knowledge natural philosophy naturalism ontology philosophy of nature thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy unity of knowledge 1st-person and 3rd-person perspectives A.N. Whitehead Aristotle Aristotle’s four causes B1-5802 BFO Bradford Hill criteria F.W.J. Schelling Ivor Leclerc Jungian psychology L. Smolin Leibniz Naturphilosophie Number world R.M. Unger Second Law of thermodynamics abduction abstract entities