Bayes error rate Bayesian decision making Bhattacharyya coefficient/distance COVID-19 pandemic CUSUM monitoring Friedman–Rafsky test statistic GLM model Galton-Watson branching processes with immigration Hellinger distance Hellinger integrals Henze–Penrose divergence INARCH(1) model INGARCH model Kullback-Leibler information distance/divergence MDPDE Renyi divergences Robustness S-estimation SPC Tukey’s biweight bias and variance trade-off classification composite likelihood composite minimum density power divergence estimators concentration bounds contingency tables convergence rates density power divergence disparity divergence measures