Chemistry E/E architecture Luenberger observer acoustic characteristic acoustic emission adaptive cubature Kalman filter balancing charging infrastructure clustering coordinated optimisation droop control dung beetle optimization algorithm electric bus consumption electric heavy-duty vehicles electric vehicles electric vehicles (EV) equivalent model errorless control external short circuit fusion model genetic algorithm harmonic power-sharing immersion cooling integrated converter lithium-ion batteries lithium-ion battery local public transport low-voltage microgrid microgrid model fusion