4,4′-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid CO2 fixation CO2 valorization FeNi3 alloy Li–CO2 battery Li–S battery aramid fibers bicarbonate electrolyzer bimetallic biomarkers capacity retention carbon capture and utilization carbon foam electrode carbon neutrality carbon tube-based cathode colorectal cancer composite composite polymer electrolytes composite solid electrolyte copper ion chelation early diagnosis electrocatalysis electrochemical biosensor electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical performance flame retardancy glutamate detection graphene composites graphene nanoribbons high sensitivity