Albedo-NDVI Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei China Chongqing City Gonghe Basin LMDI Lanzhou–Xining urban agglomeration PLEFs RUSLE Xinjiang Yanchi County Yanshan-Taihang Mountains Yunnan Province agricultural land arid areas man–land relation bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography border area breadbasket carbon emission carbon neutrality climate change coupling coordination coupling coordination degree model coupling–coordination degree cropland abandonment cultivated land function cultivated land-use transition (CLUT) desertification drive mechanism