3D scaffold ADA-gelatin Mg-alloys Ti-alloys X-ray methods akermanite angiogenesis antibiotics bioactive glass bioceramics biocompatibility biomedical applications bone tissue engineering cell sheet cell therapy ceria coatings collagen computed tomography controlled drug release cryogels cryopreservation cuprous iodide (CuI) cytoskeleton cytotoxicity diopside fabrication techniques focal adhesion gelatin nanoparticle gels