Hostun sand NMR PSD evolution SEM abstract interval air-entry value anisotropic stress artificial ground freezing ballast bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology calcareous sand comprehensive proportionality constant concrete–rock ITZ critical state cumulative strain cyclic loading cyclic loads deformation conditions discrete element method discrete element model effective particle diameter equivalent granular void ratio fines content fractal characteristics fractal dimension fractal entropy fractal theory fractional advection–dispersion equation fractional derivative