Química 3D printing AISI 316L LPBF Ni–Cu alloy additive manufacturing amorphous poly(lactide acid) as-built as-cast bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJG Endocrinology ceramics design of experiments diabetes directed energy deposition endocrine frailty filament extrusion fused filament modelling fused-deposition modeling high performance ceramics hypogonadism lithography-based ceramic manufacturing materials development mechanical properties metals microhardness microstructure osteoporosis photopolymerisation poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)